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Mu Zongsanzhe’s Problems and Solutions——The Backbone of the “Metaphysics of Morality” Author: Cheng Zhihua, Shi Yuhua
Source: Henan Teachers’ Major: Philosophy and Social Science Edition” 2016 Issue 5
Time: Confucius was in the 2568th year of Dingyou April 8th Gengyin
Jesus May 3, 2017
Author introduction:
Cheng ZhihuaBao Hui(1965-), male, Ph.D., professor and doctoral supervisor of the Department of Philosophy in Hebei. He is an important part of the modern Chinese Confucianism and Chinese-Western Philosophy Research Institute, Baoding, Hebei 071002;
Shi Yuhua (1978-), male, doctoral student in the Department of Philosophy in Hebei, teacher of the Marxist School of Agricultural Major in Hebei, and is an important part of the research on modern modern philosophy in China. He is Baoding, Hebei 071002
Rongshuyao: Mou Zongsan’s philosophy has a clear and specific problem consciousness, that is, although Kant intends to construct a “metaphysics of morality” as “super-definite metaphysics”, he actually only constructs moral philosophy, namely “metaphysics of morality”, and ultimately “slides” and “theology of morality”. In view of Kant’s limitations in philosophy, Mou Zongsan constructed the “metaphysics of morality” that Kant wanted to construct but did not complete, and thus based on the idea of ”philosophical prototype”, he developed the “metaphysics of morality” as the “basic existing argument”. The above problems and their rationale for solving them are the backbone of the three philosophical studies of Mou Zong. Understanding this backbone of logic will help to master Mou Zongsan’s philosophical system.
Keywords: Mou Zongsan/Kant/Metaphysical/Philosophical Prototype of Morality
Title Notes: National Social Sciences Fund Project (14FZX037); Humanities and Social Sciences Project of the Teaching Department (13YJA720004)Cultivation.
1. Kant’s “Study on the Morality” and “Study on the Morality”
From the final goal, Kant intends to construct a “metaphysics of morality” as “super-definite metaphysics”, that is, metaphysics beyond experience based on “sensual criticism”. Therefore, “research on the talent of sentiment” [1]575 is a condition for its theoretical construction. Regarding “sensibility”, he believes that human sensibility is unified, but based on its divergence, it can be divided into “theoretical sensibility” and “real sensibility”: the former refers to the cognitive effect of sensibility, and the latter refers to the willful effect of sensibility; the former’s tasks are the highest truth of the acquired object of recognition, and the latter’s tasks are the ultimate goal of regulating will. Therefore, the main task of “realistic sentiment” is to clearly understand morality. According to Kant’s understanding, the laws of the field of experience are conditional, and the laws of conditionality cannot become “decisive law orders”. Therefore, only laws that exceed experience can become “decisive law orders”. In this regard, he proposed three “decrees against laws”: First, broad nature. That is, this kind of moral laws must be broad. He said: “Your actions should change behavioral criteria into broad natural laws through your will.” [2]73 Second, goal. That is, this kind of moral law must aim at people. He said: “Your actions should regard the humanity in your own humanity and the humanity in others as the same goal at any time, and will never be regarded as only a wrist.” [2]81 Third, self-discipline of will. That is, this kind of moral law is formulated by emotional people. Or maybe it is said that people are not only “law followers” of morality, but also “legislators” of morality. He said: “Everything with sensibility must be regarded as a legislator in the kingdom of goal that can be restrained by the unrestrained will.” [2]86 Overall, these three “decrees of law” are the “inclusive legislation” of sentimental morality.
In Kant, the above moral laws are “decree of the law”, which means that in late December, Nan’an City, where the temperature has dropped below zero, the temperature has dropped to below zero, which is the law of moral integrity. However, these moral laws are just pre-emptive sentiments, and their value is still a combination of experience. That is, “decisive law order” is still just “responsive” and not “responsive law order” can have practical value as long as it is implemented in moral career, otherwise it only has theoretical value. This is a new problem that Kant faced after exploring the “Decree of Consensual Law”. Without doubt, practical value rather than rational value is the moral philosophy, and of course it is also the origin and study of Kant’s philosophy. Regarding this new problem, Kant’s condition is still “man is an infinite existence of sensibility” [3]113. In other words, if the exploration of “responsive law order” is based on the “sensory” of “man is the infinite existence of sensibility”, then, returning to the world of experience to solve human moral problems, NaijiFor the “infinite being” of “man is the sensual limited being”. Therefore, after Kant first experienced the world through “sensibility”, he returned to the experience world to solve the moral integrity problem of “infinite beings”.
Of course, the moral reality of the “infinite being” must be based on “the law and order”. However, in Kant’s view, as an “infinite being”, according to the design of “real sentiment” for the ultimate goal of the will, a person’s moral pursuit should be based on “highest goodness”, that is, “divergence of virtue and blessing” as the final goal. Kant believed that based on the principle of “complying with the goal nature”, people with “virtue” must have “blessing” and people with “virtue” must have “virtue”. Therefore, “divergence of virtue and blessing” is “best good” and is also the ultimate goal that human morality seeks. Otherwise, those who have “virtue” have no “blessing”, and those who have “blessing” have no “virtue”. This is not suitable for the wishes of others, nor for the wishes of God. In this regard, Kant said: “Virtue… is the supreme condition we realize whenever we pursue happiness… but it is either full and full good, or a target of the infinite sensory beings’ desire to see the ability; because in order to be this object, we also need happiness. … Because if people need happiness, they deserve happiness, and have no blessings to enjoy, then this situation It is complete and incompatible with the satisfaction of an existence who is both emotional and capable of all power. “[3]113 He also said: “A person… can achieve the highest good after combining virtue and happiness.” [3]113 However, since “man is the infinite existence of sensibility”, “the ultimate good” is the ultimate goal of moral pursuits, and its actual needs some “criteria” as a guarantee. The so-called “precision” refers to “a certain reservation that is actually sensibly established as a tree of moral law, but we still have no idea about its own ‘necessity’”[4]122. Kant said:
Then because the moral law that we receive with this final goal is strongly influenced by our last goal, we have assumed from the perspective that in order to use our energy to the reality of that goal, it has its own ability, that is, its actual ability. [5]125
In detail, Kant’s “standardness” includes three: the first is “will is not restricted”, that is, morality must be subject to “will is not restricted”. He said: “What I call ‘real’ refers to everything that can be restrained by unrestrained.” [1]551 However, although “the real will is unrestrained, it can be verified by verification”[1]552, why does man have “will not be restrained”? Because it transcends human sensibility, people do not have “wise intuition”, that is, “wise intuition”. He said: “If you don’t accept itAs a definite concept, it requires intellectual intuition (intellecktuelle anschauung) to be established, and we should not assume that this intuition is at all. ”[3]31 The second “figure” is “the immortality of the soul”. That is, as “infinite beings”, people cannot achieve “the ultimate goodness” in their infinite life. He said: “There is a truth about the moral future of our nature. 官网 is: we can only reach a field that is completely in line with moral laws in an unstoppable progress process. ”[3]125 Therefore, if the &#